Literature
- Slater, J.A. 1955. A revision of the subfamily Pachygronthinae of the World (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) 84: 1-160. Philippine Journal of Sciences.
- Zheng, L.Y. & H.G. Zou 1981a. Lygaeidae. In: T.Y. Hsiao et al., A handbook for the determination of the Chinese Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Volume II: 1-215, 589-612. Science Press, Beijing.