Literature
- Germar, E.F. 1838. Hemiptera Heteroptera promontorii Bonae Spei nondum descripta, quae collegit C. F. Drège 5(1837): 121-192. Revue Entomologique Silbermann.
- Slater, J.A. 1955. A revision of the subfamily Pachygronthinae of the World (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) 84: 1-160. Philippine Journal of Sciences.
- Stål, C. 1865a. Hemiptera Africana 2: 1-181. Norstedt, Holmiae..